Medical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clinical - Essay Example She likewise revealed troublesomely in talking bringing about marginally slurred discourse. Her sister likewise remarked on her facial appearance saying that her face appeared to be distorted. While eating she additionally saw having exorbitant tearing in the correct eye (Crocodile tears). These manifestations continuously declined through the span of the following 8 hours and in this manner she chose to experience assessment for these grievances. She doesn't have some other existing comorbid conditions and has not had any comparative grumblings previously. Her past clinical history uncovered that she had as of late recouped from a scene of regular cold and her family ancestry was certain for diabetes, nonetheless, she herself is anything but a known diabetic. Social history was unremarkable. Physical Examination: On review of the face, it was seen that the nasolabial overlays on the left half of the face were straightened and the patient couldn't totally close her left eye. At the p oint when the patient was asked to compellingly close her correct eye, internal and upward moving of the eyeball was noted, for example showing of the Bell’s marvel (Monnell and Zachariah, 2009). At the point when she was approached to cause a commotion and grin, shortcoming of the correct facial muscles was noted.

Former Cop Daniel Holtzclaw Sentenced to 263 Years

Previous Cop Daniel Holtzclaw Sentenced to 263 Years In January 2016, previous Oklahoma City cop Daniel Holtzclaw was condemned to 263 years in jail for the assault and rape of 13 dark ladies in 2013 and 2014. State examiners contended that Holtzclaw should carry out his punishment successively, putting forth the defense that every survivor had the right to have equity for the individual violations. Holtzclaw made a profession of ambushing Black ladies drivers during traffic stops and different cases and afterward terrified them a significant number of them into quietness. His casualties huge numbers of whom were poor and had earlier records-were too reluctant to even consider coming forward. A jury saw Holtzclaw as liable on 18 out of 36 criminal allegations, including three tallies of acquiring licentious show, four checks of persuasive oral homosexuality, five tallies of first and second-degree assault, and six includes of sexual battery in December 2015. The jury suggested that Holtzclaw serve 263 years in jail. Three of Holtzclaw’s casualties conveyed sway proclamations at the January 2016 condemning hearing-including his most youthful casualty who was only 17 years of age at the hour of her ambush. She informed the court regarding the incredible harm she encountered, uncovering the her life â€Å"has been upside down.† How Hotlzclaw Chose His Victims At any rate thirteen ladies approached to blame Holtzclaw for rape. A considerable lot of the ladies had not detailed the attack because of a paranoid fear of retaliations or dread later affirmed by the jurys inability to see Holtzclaw as liable on each of the 36 of the criminal allegations brought against him-that they would not be accepted. At a primer hearing for the situation, the 17-year old survivor clarified her thinking, â€Å"Who would they say they will accept? It’s my statement against his. He’s a police officer.† This idea of â€Å"he stated, she said† is a genuinely regular contention used to limit rape survivors. Also, when the charged is an individual in a place of intensity, for example, a cop, it very well may be much harder for survivors to get fair treatment. It was this very condition Daniel Holtzclaw was relying on. He chose quite certain objectives: ladies who were poor, Black, and who, in a few cases, had run-ins with the police in light of medications and sex work. In view of their experiences these ladies would not make believable observers against him. He could act without any potential repercussions and never need to confront any outcomes since his casualties were at that point thought about blameworthy according to the law and society. A comparative case occurred in Baltimore, where poor Black ladies were focuses of rape: â€Å"20 ladies who recorded a claim against the Housing Authority of Baltimore City are parting a settlement worth nearly $8 million. The claim affirmed that support laborers at different lodging edifices had requested sexual favors from the ladies in return for accepting gravely required fixes on their units.† Again, these upkeep laborers, much the same as Daniel Hotlzclaw, put money on these ladies being both frantic and untrustworthy.â They accepted that they could assault ladies and not be considered responsible. Daniel Hotlzclaw was clarified of this force when he pulled over an inappropriate the lady, however.â Jannie Ligons, a 57-year-old grandma, likewise endure an experience with Holtzclaw. She was the main lady to approach. In contrast to a significant number of different casualties, she had an emotionally supportive network: she was bolstered by her little girls and her locale. She helped lead the charge that incited 12 different casualties to approach and talk truth to control. Whats Next? Holtzclaw’s lawyer said he intends to offer. Be that as it may, the adjudicator has recently denied Holtzclaws demand for another preliminary or an evidentiary hearing. Holtzclaw is right now in prison carrying out his 263-year punishment. Feelings for police in rape cases are uncommon and strong sentences are considerably rarer. By and by, sexual unfortunate behavior inside the police power is genuinely normal. Here’s trusting that Holtzclaw’s case won't be special case but instead the sign for another period where police are considered responsible for sexual brutality.

Effectively Managing An Engineering Course Load

Effectively Managing An Engineering Course Load Effectively Managing An Engineering Course Load Effectively Managing An Engineering Course Load Engineering programs are often very demanding in terms of the workload. Many late nights are the norm for students in these disciplines. Thats why its a good idea to have a good study group to work with if you’re studying engineering. You can divide the work tasks among everyone and better stay on top of the work deadlines. This also reduces stress, which is a serious problem among students. However there are times when you dont have the support of a group available to help you out with assignments or projects that youre working on. Maybe your regular group buddies are each too busy with their own work to help you out. Or maybe you find yourself in a time-crunch situation and they cant be reached on such short notice, and neither can the teaching assistants or professor. But Homework Help Canada is always available to help you out with your engineering solution needs. Our specialized engineering experts can assist with all areas, no what your subject area. We also have a big incentive to help you out and make sure you succeed because that is our job. We strive to satisfy our clients with their academic needs. References: Howatt, B. (2015, May 11). Students: how stressed are you? The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 24, 2015, from Effectively Managing An Engineering Course Load Effectively Managing An Engineering Course Load Effectively Managing An Engineering Course Load Engineering programs are often very demanding in terms of the workload. Many late nights are the norm for students in these disciplines. Thats why its a good idea to have a good study group to work with if you’re studying engineering. You can divide the work tasks among everyone and better stay on top of the work deadlines. This also reduces stress, which is a serious problem among students. However there are times when you dont have the support of a group available to help you out with assignments or projects that youre working on. Maybe your regular group buddies are each too busy with their own work to help you out. Or maybe you find yourself in a time-crunch situation and they cant be reached on such short notice, and neither can the teaching assistants or professor. But Homework Help USA is always available to help you out with your engineering solution needs. Our specialized engineering experts can assist with all areas, no what your subject area. We also have a big incentive to help you out and make sure you succeed because that is our job. We strive to satisfy our clients with their academic needs. References: Howatt, B. (2015, May 11). Students: how stressed are you? The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 24, 2015, from

Various Reviews Of The Type Of Investment Scams Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5431 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 2.0 Introduction Investment scams are no longer a topic to avoid from as it is increasing in numbers from year to year. In this chapter, we will discuss about various reviews of the type of investment scams, tactic used by the scammers and how do we prevent it. For future research, it would be beneficial if users could be categorized into various segments based on the individual financial literacy, behaviour and life quality. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Various Reviews Of The Type Of Investment Scams Finance Essay" essay for you Create order These segments could then be analyzed by the relative importance of the dimensions in influencing scams. In this manner, Malaysian would be able to target specific scams programs of these segments and monitor the success or failure of the program by surveying these respondents again. 2.1 Investment Scams Definition Scam is not a new issue or sentences for public when the technologies have been sufficiently used by human being. Unfortunately, there have some black heart industry used their talent to create scams, to make the other hard-earned money became theirs. Below show some of the advertising creates by scammers: In my investing program there is absolutely NO RISK. In fact, its such a SURE THING that well guarantee you cannot lose your investment. Thing is, if you want a part of the action, youll have to send me $499.95 today. There are just too many other investors who want to get in on this ( Investorpedia) Even though scams are not a hot topic, but in reality, how many people know about scams? From the opined of Office of Fair Trading, there is no solitary universally accepted or legal definition of a scam. Generally, when you receive from an unsolicited or undesirable contact who asking a misleading or illusory investment activity, it can be conclude as a scam. This is because, in the end, they will break their promises and fail to pay back your money. Fraud is the most often terms come to public mind and both of them are the most nearest synonym. From the opined of Australian Institution of Criminology, fraud means obtaining something of values or avoiding an obligation by means of deception. Besides, from the Richard point of view, he defined fraud as the deliberate deception or intention of deception of an individual with the promise of goods, services or the other financial benefits that are actually nonexistent, were never intended to be provided, or were grossly misrepresented.( Karla Doug , 2007) Figure 2.1 is an example of data reported to the NW3Cs Internet Crime Complaint Centre. The types of frauds listed here are fairly representative of the numbers of perpetrators in the world. Malaysia were ranked in top6 with the percentage of 0.8 . Untitled2.jpg Figure 2.1 ( NW3C, 2010) 2.2 Type of Investment Scams There are typical fraudulent investment schemes employed the scammers. Whenever there are different slogan or name by it scams, the basic theory are almost the same. Commonly are based on the theory of Pump and Dump, Pyramid, Risk-Free. Pump Dump Scams The growth of Internet becomes a working tool for the scammer. Most of the investors are using Internet to gathering investment information as it is easy and inexpensively. Besides, there is no information needs to be verified to obtain the user ID and password necessary to gain full access to the boards (Fried,BS MS, 2003). Therefore, scammers just simply click on the keyboard in few minutes, they can posting their message to their audience. Unfortunately, it is moderately easy for peoples target on perpetrating scams to send a plausible looking message to many potential investors (Baker, 1999). They separate false information on the online messages board and recommend investor to buy quickly or selling before the price goes down (Cacavias, Lugonja, Messa, Zhanbekov, 2006). The rule for investing doesnt wrong, but the main problem is the information is false. Therefore, it is worthless for investors. The scams involved in face to face interaction and through the conversation, t he scammers using some tactics to comprehend victim interest. The scammers always act as a insider as they know the latest information about the stock and ensure victim will be a gain rather than lost as the price of stock will just increase and increase. Victims looking for the quick money and in the end, victims believe the great advice, and grateful to have such wonderful opportunity (Dunham, 2007). The victims would never know the scammers hype up the price, to make the victims purchase the stock (Team Internet Security, 2006). Once the scammers sell their shares and stop hyping up the price, the investor will lose their money. One type of the pump and dump schemes that lead the trend in recent year are, stock spam. Stock spam promotes a companys stock transitory itself off as hot tip. From the research of Marshal (2006), stock spam represented 15 % of all spam in July 2006. The scammers take advance in provide advice on a exacting companys stock with it price and buying advi ce (Marshal, 2006) .Scammers buy stock and position themselves for a big win in advance by inflating the price of stock and then dumping all their shares for a massive profit.( Dunham, 2007) . The Pyramid When we open newspaper, website, or even our mail, they will always have the opportunity to get the flyer or mail with the slogan of Make $10,000 a week from home, No Supervision!Or other similar slogan (Team Internet Security, 2006) Pyramid schemes are illegal moneymaking ventures for individuals, business, and small group of people. They are advertised through mailings, newspaper, the Internet, or recruitment meetings, or consumers might hear about them through a relative or friend (OFT, 2006). The pyramids schemes mostly work on recruit other participate to join their group and they promise to pay money to the exciting members (Hawaii Business Registration Division, 2011). Besides, the organization will forced their member to buy the material with a overpriced or attending training .Mostly , after they join the organization or group , they will not receive any payment and left with empty promise . Pyramid schemes have been around for at slightest a century and are promoted un der a numeral of different names, but all are deceptive and as a result prohibited. A pyramid scheme is relatively simple to recognize because the information of the function are characteristically divulged to members. The question to ask is whether there is any exchange of goods or services in the process (Lisa, 2010). The pyramid schemes classified their member in different level, just like a pyramid. There are often the several levels of investor; normally the top level will receive profit or commissions. In order for everyone in pyramid will get the profit, there would have to be never ending supply of new members who a willing, ready and able to pay money into the schemes (Maryland, 2010). https://www.sec.gov/images/pyramid.gif (Source : U.S Securities and Exchange Commission) From the NCL (2007) , they informed public that , multilevel marketing is not a pyramid scheme. Multilevel marketing operated as earned reward when they sell real product or services to consum ers whereas pyramid schemes disguised as multilevel marketing, any money earned from new recruited membership fees. Below the table show the different between pyramid schemes and multilevel marketing. Pyramid Schemes Multilevel Marketing Compensation based on recruiting Compensation based on sales Few or no sale to customers Sell legitimate products to established markets Substantial start-up costs Generally small start-up fee Potential to be stuck with large amounts of unsold goods Will buy back unsold goods if you decide to quit the business Make money from you Make money with you Table 2.2 Ponzi Schemes Ponzi Schemes are similar to pyramid schemes but they are different. According to CPA , if the operators make the bulk of participants earnings dependent on recruiting , and emphasize levels and stage in their promotions, its an illegal pyramid. Between, if operators claim they are offering an investment opportunity, but conduct little or no commercial activity, it is Ponzi schemes. Besides, Ponzi schemer will not ask for further action and claim to take care of the rest and give you returns later(Clark McGrath, 2011). A Ponzi scheme is much trickier to identify because the deceptive activity is classically concealed from participants. It is a misleading investment business that pays financial returns to participants using money from newer investors, rather than from any actual earnings (Claycomb, 2010). Went back to the past, these schemes are named for Charles Ponzi, father of Ponzi schemes who born in 1882, Italy. In early 1900s, Charles promised a high return on short term investments and there are nearest 40,000 people invested approximately 15 million, with only one-third of that amount returned to the investors.( Toledo Business , 2008). By conveying more and more people reinvested their funds, he was able to postpone his financial obligations even longer and convince investors to exploit on the fluctuating currency prices by purchasing the coupons in a miserable country and selling them at higher prices (T.Wells, 2010). These schemes works as underlying investment are bogus, very few, if any, actual physical assets or financial investment exist. In 1920 , Ponzis schemes was explore to public and he was served jail time in both Canada and New York before making his way back to Boston and , federal audit judge his operation was bankrupt, having defrauded investor of more than 4 million ( T.Wells,2010). At his bankruptcy assessment, it was discovered that Ponzi still had $7,000,000 outstanding bonds and about $2,000,000 total assets. Undeniably, t he seemingly lucky investors who redeemed their bonds after July 26th had to return their premiums to the bankruptcy court to be distributed among Ponzis larger circle of creditors. Ultimately, after about seven years of lawsuit, Ponzis disenchanted investors got back 37 cents on the dollar of their principal, with, of course, no aroma of any profits from the nations first and most disreputable Ponzi scheme (DeWitt, 2009) In 2009, SEC classified Ponzi Schemes as securities fraud as the scammers makes a false or misleading statement in resulting the shortfalls in funds for the remaining investors. There is a lack of transparency with their investment statement and trading strategy as they do not provide insight into the funds underlying especially in light of the current environment (Evola OGrady, 2009). Thus, investor not clear with what actually they got from the investment and how actually their fund being traded. In reality, there were no actual investments and no returns. The one of the famous case are Madoff , which has been estimated to involved up to $50 billion in investor funds( Larsen Hinton, 2009). Through elaborate, fabricated account statement and other documentation, investor received a consistent and steady annual return. The scammers are talent in making fraud on everything, so the statements are just exactly same with the legal statement and document. Unfortunately, investor will never realize that the returns that pay are from the new investors as they had received the money and statement. Therefore, the investors believe that their money had been placed in an actual investment (NASAA, 2009). Bogus Investment These investment scams are usually share, mortgage or real estate with high return schemes, option trading or foreign currency trading. Scammers usually used convincing script and sound professional. They promise with high, quick returns on your investment for low or no risk. One of the example follow by this theory is Bogus Investment. In the prior research, there are estimated 90,000 populations within United Kingdom fall to these scams in every year and with the mean loss of $ 5,660. (OFT, 2006). The scammers are targeted to those who are exploiting background knowledge and overconfidence and triggering visceral processing by emphasising high rewards( OFT ,2009) . Victim are contacted by letter, telephone or email and offered the opportunity to invest money into things likes shares, fine wine, gemstones, art or other rare high value items(OFT , 2006).Scammers usually use boiler rooms as their working places to communicate with the victim. They using sophisticated script an d a range of sales techniques to convincing victim invest in their profile. (ASIC, 2002) Scammers often claim to operate out of finance centres and operate in Asian country. 2.3How they work Based on the survey done by OFT (2006), they found that almost half of the 11,200 adults in United Kingdom had been targeted by a scam at some stage in the past. Large numbers of unsolicited mailings, e-mails or telephone calls can be disseminated to individuals whose details are obtained from purchased mailing lists or via automated calling systems or harvested email addresses. A recent study done in the UK analyzed the psychological tactics used in various scams, and in particular raised important questions about the role of emotion in defrauding consumers (OFT, 2009). Additionally, some studies have shown that phishing scams often use social networks and context-setting strategies to gain victims trust and defraud them (Jagatic , 2005). Consumer may be victimized by fraud in different way, it may involved on consumer goods or services, financial advice like personal financial management, wealth management or business plans( Titus Gover, 2001). Scammers always promote by ther e is a scarcity chances to get it. From the psychology view, human being always believes that whenever the things that is limited, there must be rare and valuable. When the salesmen convince you that the item is already belong to you, you may falls to the tactic of the scammers as people will not easily get off the prizes and will try to do everything to keep it . Pak and Shadel states that, people would be lucky to own the item; that they must act now to get it before it is too late; and that if they dont act, someone else is going to get their item (2007).From the opined in SCAMwatch, some people have found themselves in horrible financial situations because they rushed into agreements or purchases in the fear of missing out. Moreover, friendship role are also the one of the tactic present by the scammers. The scammers will try to make an individual feel associated to him in some way, in order to treat them like a friends (Pak Shadel , 2007). This is because , when people felt discomfortable , it is hard to persue victim and built the trust on the investment.. Therefore people are likely to go along with what they are suggesting and do a similar or related behaviour. For example, when the victim could not make the investment decision, they will always depend to their friends or family by given suggestion to them. Therefore, if the victim could not differentiate which decision are the best, they will easily fell to the investment scams. From the psychologically view, this tactic does not force people to take the opportunity but, it is just by influences them to do so .( Pak Shadel , 2007) Besides, with the advance of Internet, many investor seeking information by visiting online bulletin board, online investment newsletters or, boiler-room. Therefore, it is easier to let scammers create information to the investor. According to the U.S Department of Justice, they stated that the boiler room operation typically have six stages. In stage 1, Telem arketer identify new scenario through either incoming mail or calls. After that, the scammers classified 3 different room to categorized the victims. First is front room, which categorised the victim that is less-experienced. If the victim did not answer or decline their offer, they will categorise in no sale room. The scammers also target on their past victim by using an assortment of bogus promises to let them believe again, and categorised in reload room (Johnson, 2003)After the sales are complete, the scammers will contact the customer, reviews the sales terms, and arrange for payment. To prevent buyers regret, the scammers will ask the victim pay by overnight. Whatever we paid, there always something to payback or get to us. Therefore, the scammers use the 10 to 1 principle, awarding a prize valued at approximately one-tenth of the fee paid. When getting complaint by the victims, the scammers will always use the delay tactics and empty promises to frustrate them into giving up the pursuit of recovery (Johnson, 2003). Cold calling are the one of the approach used by the scammers. Cold calling is the practice whereby a person approaches another person they do not know, either over the phone or face-to-face, to promote or sell a product or service the person has not asked for (ASIC, 2002).Scammers will asking some basic question to better understanding the victim financial situation, needs or habits, and offer an investment opportunity. The operators of the scam use phone and mail technology to pretence their true size, location and identity. Therefore, when the victim realizes the scams, they are unable to contact the scammers. 2.4 Research in Malaysia Malaysias capital market performance broadly reflected global trends in the quarter, and was supported by further liberalised measures in the financial sector in an effort to boost and enhance the competitive o domestic economy and capital market. Besides, Malaysia is rigid in law regulation. Therefore, according to the world Banks Doing Business 2010 Report, Malaysia retains its 4th position for investor protection for the fourth consecutive year (SEC, 2009). Even though there are rigid law regulation, the scammers still remain survive in Malaysia. This is because, whenever you are, the scammers will always be around you. The most famous cases within Malaysia are the Red Island Cafà ©. It is not only Malaysian involved in, our neighbour country, Singaporean also be their target. Island Red Cafe collects members RM6, 000 each and promised 5% return every month and even give you a name in the ROC as a shareholder. The scammers promote that if you become the shareholders, u may h aving their benefits. The fixed return per clot for each month is RM 300 for the first and second year. In third and fourth year , you will get RM 5400 per annual with the 2.5 percent of the investment . During shareholders birthday, shareholder will be offer 30 % of discount on their meals. Besides, RM100 per slot of food voucher will be given per month and given for five years which equivalent to their investing amount, RM6, 000. Even though the cafà © is really existing, but such condition or the agreement that the victim have does not exist. What they got, is the fake agreement prepared by the scammer (the star, 2010). These scams are exactly work like Maddof Scam, the famous Ponzi Schemes case. It works on the same mechanical on this investment plan. The architect of Island Red Cafe is looking presumptuous to gain money from the public by sharing the franchise business to them and promising returns to the shareholders. This can happen if there are continuous members joining into the business. Money generated from new clients will be used to pay the earlier clients. This process continues on and on. If there is no more new members joining into the business, Island Red Cafe wouldnt have the money to pay the earlier members and the whole system crumbles. In 2010 , the Island Red Cafà © Franchise Sdn Bhd director, Teow Wooi Huat and his son , Chee Chow , both was claimed trial to 3 counts of cheating and misleading investors of over RM1 millions with committing the offence under the companys premises in Pandan Indah between Jan 1 , 2008 and Feb 28, 2009 ( The Star, 2010). All the charges were under the Companies Act 1965. The first charge carries a maximum RM30, 000 fines or seven years jail, or both, while the other two carry a maximum RM250, 000 fines or 10 years jail, on conviction. Variable that influence investment scams Life Quality (financial situation)-household Life Quality factors are important to address in terms of fraud victimization because so much of the time, the things that are happening in a persons life impact how they cope with other things in their life (Cialdini, 2001).The life quality refer to the life events, particularly negative life events, may contribute to consumers. Susceptibility to fraud by using valuable cognitive capacity which otherwise might have allowed them to secured against fraud. According to the Batch, who is the senior vice president for Marshs with focus on Management liability, he states that Any instability or volatility in a persons life or personal circumstances can increase the motivation for committing scams. The lifestyle just as powerful a motivation as the need to fund them indulges in scams activity. From the Pratkanis, Shadel, Kleinman and Pak study, they conclude that all investment victims had a total of 549 negative life events with a total of 71 victims. According to Johnson, victim especially elderly victim, they feel that their life become meaningless as they are retired from the work and always refer to their children or another government authority organization to maintain their life. Therefore, elderly people will try to use their hard -earned or retirement money to invest in financial market, to show they still can take care of them, no need place in a nursing home or long term care facility. Besides, scammers will always target those who are poorly informed or socially isolated individuals. Those are socially isolated may also be vulnerable because they are less likely to seek advice before invest, and because the sales pitch itself address an unmet need for social interaction , resulting in their feeling obligated to be friendly or compliant in return( Lee Geistfeld , 2001) When the life quality of an individual is poor, they will invest all their hard-earned money to generate more money to improve their life quality. From the NASD study, the victim s who seemed to complain consistently about not having enough money and having had a spouse die or similar event. An economic downturn is often the root-cause of behaviour that ultimately leads an individual to turn to scams (Batch, 2010). Therefore, the scammers start to such some tactic to earn those who dreamed to have fast money, for example, the get rich quick scams. Victims will ask to pay to become a member and are promised large commission earning if they recruit others to the schemes. The scammers used the liking and similarity tactic to show they are in same situation with the victims (OFT, 2009) For example, the scammers describe themselves as, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ I literally did not have a penny to my nameÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ my life was a mess. Investors Behaviour (optimism) A good financial knowledge might not save people from falling victim to scams (Wakeford, 2009). The more knowledge people have about a specific area, the more they feel competent in this area. As a result, they overestimate their abilities to make good decisions in this area. They are always thinking that, there are smart, clever than other. So, they are overconfident and will not be cheated by others (Barber, 1999). In 2004 , Muhammad states that investor mislead by extremes of emotion , subjective thinking and the whims of the crowd, consistently form irrational expectation for the future performance of companies and overall economy such as stock prices swing above or below fundamental values and follow a somewhat predictable , wave-like path. From the study by Nik Muhammad in 2004, he found that people make systematic errors in the way they think when they make decision easier, overconfidence, pay too much weight on recent experience and mental counting. The overconfident in vestor mostly rely on their knowledge and the information they got to make the decision .This is because they believe more strongly in their own valuations, and concern themselves less about the beliefs of others( Barber, 1999). Unfortunately, the overconfidence will make investor to pay a huge of money to get the lesson. This is because investor would seek the information through online but, they never know whether the website is create by who, or the trueness of the information. Scammers always create a website that often looks much like yesterdays fraud schemes, just slicker (Barnard, 2006). Shadel and Schweitzer-Pak (2007) found that people with high amounts of background knowledge in the area of the scam content are more prone to fall into the trap of responding to the scam than people who have less background knowledge. The phenomenon identified by Dutton and Shepherd (2004), whereby people with more experience of the internet may be more vulnerable to internet scams, simil arly strongly suggests an overconfidence effect. Participants spoke about processes such as greed, vulnerability or desperation which led them to respond to the scam communications. This is exactly what is meant by visceral processes, appeals to strong motivational forces which reduce the depth at which people process a message, so they grab at the superficially attractive even when a little careful thought would have exposed it as the scam it was. For the most part people talked about strong money motivation, though whether they described it in self condemning terms or in a way that gave them more self-justification varied, I think I was tempted with the large amount of money, which was rather foolish, looking back, but I was tempted with that, and that was really what drew me, probably my greed (OFT ,2009). Financial literacy ( risk management, retirement manag) Financial literacy is a basic knowledge that people need in order to survive in a modern society. It show the ability to manage personal finances and people have to plan for long-term investment for their future and how investor made a decision ( Rooiji, Lusardi Alessie , 2007). Lack of personal financial knowledge limits personal financial management and may cause financial problems, resulting in lower financial well-being. From the Rooiji, Lusard and Alessie study, they states that who are not financially literate are less likely to plan for retirement and to accumulate wealth and more likely to take up high interest mortgages. Therefore, when in emergency situation, they are dispread and prefer to earn fast money. Thus, it creates chances to take in investment scams. Agarwal, Driscoll, Gabai and Laibson(2007) show that , the investment scams are prevalent among the young and elderly, who are those displaying the lowest amount of financial knowledge. This is because, most of them have difficulty doing basic financial calculations, and they also lack knowledge of fundamental financial market concepts such as risk diversification, how the stock market works, and asset pricing. Besides, they also do not know about the stocks and bonds and are not familiar with the working of financial markets (Rooiji , Lusardi Alessie , 2007). Therefore, when the scammers persuade, introduce with high return, low risk investment, investor are being their target, invest to their stock .Financial illiteracy may result in being a victim of investment fraud, mismanagement of credit, bankruptcy, and a lack of preparation for retirement. Another interesting study that sought to measure financial literacy in the context of fraud victimization was the WSU study. Moore and her colleagues developed a survey that included a battery of 12 financial literacy questions that they administered to both victims and a randomly-selected group from the general population. They were testing the hypothesis that victims of predatory lending would score lower on financial literacy questions than the general population. Overall, this hypothesis was supported. Participants in the general population scored higher than the victims; 30.9% of the general population scored 10 or more out of 12 while only 21.9% of the victims scored this well (Moore, 2003). With the low level of financial literacy, consumers will seeking advice from their friends or family members when participate in investment activity ( Rooiji, Lusardi, Alessie, 2007). Therefore, the scammers aim for this factor, they using the friendship role to conveying consumers believe in their investment. They involve multiple conversations over time with their friend to seek more about the personal life of the victim. Demographic Age The narrative is mixed on the enquiry whether younger or elder people are more likely to be victimized by scams. In 1995, Titus realizes that the elderly generation who are aged 65 and older were less likely to report being fraud victim. This is because there are less likely to report the scams when they being the victim, they felt that is a shame in their life. From the Johnson study (2003) , he found that the elder people are more likely to be targeted by scam, with 25percent of those targeted being over the age of 65 , and 24 percent between 55 to 64 years old with the average age of 53 years. This stems from a perception that they have declining mental abilities and a dependence upon others due to their physical fragility or mental deterioration. They are also seen as being isolated, often having few friends or family to rely upon, making them vulnerable to those who seek to establish relationships merely in order to steal their money (Smith, 1999). From the research done by OFT(2006) , they conclude that the victim is likely occur in elderly consumers with the average age of target was 53 years and they are likely lose twice as much per scam compared to another generation. Research that has analyzed victims by scam type has found that crimes such as telemarketing, investment, and lottery fraud seem to target seniors and have disproportionately high numbers of them in their victim populations (NFIC, 2005). Although many elder people live in poverty, home ownership is high among this group, and many have savings, pensions, and security income (Johnson, 2003). Because they are retired from their work, therefore they are almost be home during the day, and available to interact by the scammers. Gender According to International Crime Victims Survey found a slight difference between male victims of fraud (52.57% of all victims) versus men in the general sample (48.31%) across all 15 countries. In United Kingdom, they found that health scams , clairvoyant mailing scams and career opportunity scams are more target on women generation which over than 70% in the population. Besides , high risk investment scams, property scams, advances fees are mostly suffer by male consumers ( OFT ,2006). Specifically, gender has been claimed to be a significant variable affecting the level of being the target by scammers. Some research findings have suggested that women are more risk-averse than men; less confident when making financial decisions (Chen and Volpe, 2002). This is because, women have less confidence than men and that this may explain why men are more financially knowledgeable than women. By deduction, a lack of financial knowledge, confidence and a reluctance to take risk are facto rs likely to being the victim of investment scams. A study of predatory lending victims found that the victim pool contained slightly more women (56%) than the general population pool (52%), but the difference was not found to be statistically significant (Moore, 2003). Education Level The FTC study found no significant differences among fraud victims based on educational attainment (Anderson, 2004). The Titus study found those with a master degree or higher and those who had dropped out of high school were less likely to be fraud victims than those with some college or a college degree (Titus et al., 1995). A study by AARP found that victims of fraud had a higher level of educational attainment than the general population (AARP, 1996a). Another study found that predatory lending fraud victims had a lower level of educational attainment than the general population (Moore, 2003). Specifically, 38% of the victims of predatory lending fraud had an associates degree, a college degree or higher, while 51% of the non-victim control group had the same level of education. Finally, the role of education is clearer when it comes to specific types of scam victims, such as lottery and investment fraud. An AARP study found that investment fraud victims had a higher educati onal attainment than a sample non-victim population, yet lottery fraud victims had a lower level of educational attainment than a sample non-victim population (AARP, 2003a). Marital Status FTC study found no statistically-significant difference between married people and single people in terms of their fraud victim status (Anderson, 2004). From the International Crime Victim Survey found no difference between victims and those surveyed overall: 64.91% of all victims were married or living together and exactly 64.91% of those surveyed were married or living together (Pak Shadel, 2006). The pattern as it relates to the role of marital status becomes much clearer when specific victims are analyzed by type of scam. Predatory lending victims were found to be more likely to be married (71%) compared to the general population (63%), (Moore, 2003); investment fraud victims were more likely to be married and lottery fraud victims were more likely to be widowed or divorced than the general population (AARP, 2003a). 2.6 Summary Overall, the exact prevalence of fraud in any given area at any given time is virtually impossible to determine. Issues of embarrassment, privacy and psychological pressures make victims reluctant to come forward (Pratkanis Shadel, 2005). Furthermore, methodological problems associated with the wording of survey questions make the accuracy of responses difficult to sort out. Trust is the key work when people being a victim of scams. Investment fraud depends on trust while also obliterate trust. Most victims are introduced to an investment fraud through an existing relationship of trust. The first injured person of fraud is the victims trust in other people, investments and financial markets. Look over, scammers are just playing with the human mind psychology and challenge with the social ethical issues.

The, Wesley The Process Theologian, And Matched With Notes...

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Corporate Strategy Sab Miller free essay sample

These three generic strategies are defined along two dimensions: strategic scope and strategic strength. Strategic scope is a demand-side dimension (Michael E. Porter specialized in this strategy) and it looks at the size and composition of the market you intend to target. Strategic strength is a supply-side dimension and looks at the strength or core competency of the firm. In particular he identified two competencies that he felt were most important: product differentiation and product cost (efficiency).In his 1980 classic Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Porter simplifies the scheme by reducing it down to the three best strategies. They are cost leadership, differentiation, and market segmentation (or focus). Market segmentation is narrow in scope while both cost leadership and differentiation are relatively broad in market scope. Empirical research on the profit impact of marketing strategy indicated that firms with a high market share were often quite profitable, but so were many firms with low market share. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Strategy Sab Miller or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The least profitable firms were those with moderate market share. This was sometimes referred to as the hole in the middle problem. Porter’s explanation of this is that firms with high market share were successful because they pursued a cost leadership strategy and firms with low market share were successful because they used market segmentation to focus on a small but profitable market niche. Firms in the middle were less profitable because they did not have a viable generic strategy. Porter suggested combining multiple strategies is successful in only one case.Combining a market segmentation strategy with a product differentiation strategy was seen as an effective way of matching a firm’s product strategy (supply side) to the characteristics of your target market segments (demand side). But combinations like cost leadership with product differentiation were seen as hard (but not impossible) to implement due to the potential for conflict between cost minimization and the additional cost of value-added differentiation, Porter (1980). Differentiate Strategy Differentiate the products in some way in order to compete successfully.Examples of the successful use of a differentiation strategy are Hero Honda, Asian Paints, HLL, Nike athletic shoes, Perstorp Bio Products, Apple Computer, and Mercedes-Benz automobiles, Porter (2008). A differentiation strategy is appropriate where the target customer segment is not price-sensitive, the market is competitive or saturated, customers have very specific needs which are possibly under-served, and the firm has unique resources and capabilities which enable it to satisfy these needs in ways that are difficult to copy.These could include patents or other Intellectual Property (IP), unique technical expertise (e. g. Apples design skil ls or Pixars animation prowess), talented personnel (e. g. a sports teams star players or a brokerage firms star traders), or innovative processes. Successful brand management also results in perceived uniqueness even when the physical product is the same as competitors. This way, Chiquita was able to brand bananas, Starbucks could brand coffee, and Nike could brand sneakers. Fashion brands rely heavily on this form of image differentiation, Porter (2008).Variants on the Differentiation Strategy The shareholder value model holds that the timing of the use of specialized knowledge can create a differentiation advantage as long as the knowledge remains unique. This model suggests that customers buy products or services from an organization to have access to its unique knowledge. The advantage is static, rather than dynamic, because the purchase is a one-time event, Porter (2008). The unlimited resources model utilizes a large base of resources that allows an organization to outlast competitors by practicing a differentiation strategy.An organization with greater resources can manage risk and sustain profits more easily than one with fewer resources. This deep-pocket strategy provides a short-term advantage only. If a firm lacks the capacity for continual innovation, it will not sustain its competitive position over time, Porter (2008). The Toyota Prius It is unquestionable that alternative fuel vehicles are the future of global motoring. The urgency to protect our planet and its non renewable fuels grows and it is even more pressing; consumers are recognising the need to conserve what is left of our precious resources.