Invention of Polystyrene and Styrofoam

Polystyrene is a strong plastic created from erethylene and benzine. It can be injected, extruded or blow molded. This makes it a very useful and versatile manufacturing material.   Most of us recognize polystyrene in the form of styrofoam used for beverage cups and packaging peanuts. However, polystyrene is also used as a building material, with electrical appliances (light switches and plates) and in other household items. Eduard Simon Hermann Staudinger Polymer Research Keystone/Stringer/Getty Images German apothecary Eduard Simon discovered polystyrene in 1839 when he isolated the substance from natural resin. However, he did not know what he had discovered.  It took another organic chemist named Hermann Staudinger to realize that Simons discovery, comprised of long chains of styrene molecules, was a plastic polymer. In 1922, Staudinger published his theories on polymers. They stated that natural rubbers were made up of long repetitive chains of monomers that gave rubber its elasticity. He went on to write that the materials manufactured by the thermal processing of styrene were similar to rubber. They were the high polymers, including polystyrene. In 1953, Staudinger won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his research. BASF Commercial Use of Polystyrene Badische Anilin Soda-Fabrik or BASF was founded in 1861. BASF has a long history of being innovative due to having invented synthetic coal tar dyes, ammonia, nitrogenous fertilizers as well as developing polystyrene, PVC, magnetic tape and synthetic rubber. In 1930, the scientists at BASF developed a way to commercially manufacture polystyrene. A company called I.G. Farben is often listed as the developer of polystyrene because BASF was under trust to I G. Farben in 1930. In 1937, the Dow Chemical company introduced polystyrene products to the U.S. market. What we commonly call styrofoam, is actually the most recognizable form of foam polystyrene packaging. Styrofoam is the trademark of the Dow Chemical Company while the technical name of the product is foamed polystyrene. Ray McIntire - Styrofoam Inventor Dow Chemical Company scientist  Ray McIntire invented foamed polystyrene aka Styrofoam. McIntire said his invention of foamed polystyrene was purely accidental. His invention came about as he was trying to find a flexible electrical insulator around the time of World War II. Polystyrene, which already had been invented, was a good insulator but too brittle. McIntire tried to make a new rubber-like polymer by combining styrene with a volatile liquid called isobutylene  under pressure. The result was a foam polystyrene with bubble and was 30 times lighter than regular polystyrene. The Dow Chemical Company introduced Styrofoam products to the United State in 1954. How Are Foamed Polystyrene or Styrofoam Products Made? Foamed polystyrene starts as small spherical beads that contain an expanding agent called hydrocarbon.The polystyrene beads are heated with steam. As the expanding agent boils, the beads soften and expand up to forty times their original size.The expanded beads are left to cool down before being heated again. However, this time the beads are expanded within a mold.The molds are designed in a variety of  shapes  depending on the desired end product.  Examples are things such as styrofoam  cups, cartons, wig stands and more.The beads completely fill the mold and also fuse together.Styrofoam is about 98% percent air.

The War in Vietnam Essay - 1130 Words

The United States would enter the Vietnam War, in which the tactics of the enemy would not be familiar to them. Guerilla warfare became a problem for the allied forces and then the US would introduce aircraft into the war. The role of airpower changed operations for the US and showed their air supremacy. Even with all the success in the air that the US and South Vietnam had, this would not be enough to win the war. The war in Vietnam was fought from 1954 through 1975, between the communist North Vietnamese with the help of the National Liberation Front as known as Viet Cong or guerillas against the South Vietnamese and American troops. The war was a brutal one for American troops, due to the inability to maneuver freely through the†¦show more content†¦Ground forces had help from the air, since nearly 75 percent of the sorties were in support of them. Also the During a six month period, the allied forces would fly over 15,000 sorties, while dropping over 14,000 tons of bombs on targets in North Vietnam, in order to take out their â€Å"primary lines of communication and military facilities.† Also the United States would be using airpower to fight against guerilla warfare and this would be difficult knowing that the enemy would use the jungle as a sanctuary. The Viet Cong ability to conduct raids and ambushes would be hindered after the United States would use aircrafts t o spray industrial weed killer, in order to destroy the Viet Cong’s ability to hide in trees and brush. The effects of the defoliation tactic caused havoc on the Viet Cong’s operation and morale. The Viet Cong was believed to not be able to overrun or defeat the South Vietnamese government, due to the use of airpower and other tactics. Over 120 light observation planes, as known as Forward Air Controllers were used to track the Viet Cong throughout South Vietnam. Also they were used to facilitate jets and bombers to the necessary location for â€Å"direct and controlled airstrikes.† Minimal government villages or outpost were taken by the Viet Cong, since the â€Å"airpower could thus be directed against the attackers.† Another plane that was effective was the B-52 bombers and they were able â€Å"to increasing degree against widely deployed VietShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietna m is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe Vietnam War On Vietnam1725 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Vietnam Many believe that the way Americans entered the war against the North Vietnam communists was unjust. The United States got into a war that they had no clue on how to win. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973Read MoreThe Vietnam War : Vietnam1170 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond Vietnam. The Vietnam War is one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of the United States. Not only because it ended with a defeat for the United States Army, but because unleashed the largest wave of protests in the country, in which the government lost support. Extended over more than a decade, between 1959 to April 30 of 1975, although the US intervened in 1965, in which American soldiers experienced in firsthand scenes of destruction and death. During the Vietnam War clashedRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam920 Words   |  4 Pages1940’s Vietnam was trying to break free of French reign over their country. During this time period Vietnam was split into two parts, north and south. The Japanese had decided to take over Vietnam in 1942. They couldn’t capture all of Vietnam, so they decided to retreat. North Vietnam proclaimed independence on September 2, 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on June 14, 1949, but rema ined under French rule until August 1, 1954. South Vietnam was theRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1711 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The Vietnam War was one of the bloodiest wars in the history of Vietnam. Vietnam use to be a peaceful country until the idea of communism started spreading across Vietnam. Many wanted to stay democratic but saw what happened to the Germans and started to lean towards communism. Many also wanted to stay democratic and still had it hopes high that it will soon get their lives and economy back on track. It later exploded into a huge argument and then leads to a civil war spurring between NorthRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam952 Words   |  4 Pageswords that describe the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War had 240 days of combat in one year. World War II had forty days of combat in four years(Interesting Facts). That statistic shows how rough the Vietnam War was. The fighting was constant between the two sides. This war was fought over politics and had many gruesome battles. Before the Vietnam war, Vietnam was in a revolution because they did not want to be ruled by France. Vietnam wanted to be independent right after World War II ended in 1945. JapanRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1534 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War began November 1st, 1955 and ended April 30th, 1975. It was a long costly war that involved North Vietnam and their Southern allies, known as Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its main ally the United States. This war was very unpopular at home and would end with the withdrawal of the United States and the unification of Vietnam under communist control. Many think of war as something that just men are involved in but very rarely do people think of the role of women in the warRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 PagesA. The Vietnam War occurred from 1955-1975, this included the North and South fighting over government structure of the newly independent state of Vietnam, having recently become independent f rom France. However, the USA was in Vietnam as a sort of protection for the South Vietnamese people, who had a weaker army force, but only a few thousand Americans were in Vietnam for that purpose at the time. On August 7, 1964, the USA entered the war for the purpose of fighting the North Vietnamese due toRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War848 Words   |  4 Pageseverything. The Vietnam War changed a lot of people all around the world. The Vietnam War was between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a very bloody and violent war. The war was a long and costly-armed conflict. This war changed Vietnam and its citizens forever. During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam and South Vietnam both had received help from other countries. South Vietnam worked with the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand. North Vietnam worked withRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1540 Words   |  7 PagesMany Americans know about the war that was held in Vietnam, known as The Vietnam War. What Some Americans may not know is the side of Vietnam, and how they were affected with the aftermath. Originally The Vietnamese were controlled by France from 1859 until the defeat of France in World War II (The Vietnam War). Though conflicts had been occurring for many years with France, the Vietnam war didn t actually happen until 1946 the first Indochina War fought between France and the Viet Minh Vietnamese

Civil rights movement 2 Essay Example For Students

Civil rights movement 2 Essay The momentum of the previous decades civil rights gains led by rev.Martin luther king, jr. carried over into the 1960s. but for most blacks,the tangible results were minimal. only a minuscule percentage of blackchildren actually attended integrated schools, and in the south, jim crowpractices barred blacks from jobs and public places. New groups and goalswere formed, new tactics devised, to push forward for full equality. asoften as not, white resistance resulted in violence. this violence spilledacross tv screens nationwide. the average, neutral american, after seeinghis/her tv screen, turned into a civil rights supporter. Black unity and white support continued to grow. in 1962, with thefirst large-scale public protest against racial discrimination, rev. Martinluther king, jr. Gave a dramatic and inspirational speech in washington,d.c. After a long march of thousands to the capital. the possibility ofriot and bloodshed was always there, but the marchers took that chance sothat they could accept the responsibilities of first class citizens. thenegro, King said in this speech, lives on a lonely island of poverty inthe midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity and finds himself an exilein his own land. King continued stolidly: it would be fatal for thenation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate thedetermination of the negro. this sweltering summer of the negroslegitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. when King came to the end of his prepared text, he swept right on into an exhibition of impromptu oratory that wascatching, dramatic, and inspirational. I have a dream, King cried out. the crowd began cheering, but king,never pausing, brought silence as he continued, i have a dream that oneday on the red hills of georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons offormer slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the table ofbrotherhood. I have a dream, he went on, relentlessly shouting down thethunderous swell of applause, that even the state of mississippi, a statesweltering with peoples injustices, sweltering with the heat ofoppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. ihave dream, cried King for the last time, that my four little childrenwill one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color oftheir skin but by the content of their character. Everyone agreed the march was a success and they wanted action now!but, now! remained a long way off. president kennedy was never able tomobilize sufficient support to pass a civil rights bill with teeth over the opposition of segregationist southern members of congress. but after his assassination, president johnson, drawing on the kennedy legacy and on thepress coverage of civil rights marches and protests, succeeded wherekennedy had failed. However, by the summer of 1964, the black revolution had created its own crisis of disappointed expectations. rioting by urban blacks was to bea feature of every long, hot, summer of the mid-1960s. In 1965, King and other black leaders wanted to push beyond socialintegration, now guaranteed under the previous years civil rights law, topolitical rights, mainly southern blacks rights to register and vote.king picked a tough alabama town to tackle: selma, where only 1% ofeligible black voters were registered to vote. the violence, the march,the excitement all contributed to the passage of the second landmark civilrights act of the decade. even though there was horrendous violence, rev.king announced that as a matter of conscience and in an attempt to arousethe deepest concern of the nation, he was compelled to lead anothermarch from selma to montgomery, alabama. The four-day, 54-mile march started on the afternoon of sunday, march21, 1965, with some 3500 marchers led by two nobel prizewinners, the rev. .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b , .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b .postImageUrl , .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b , .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b:hover , .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b:visited , .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b:active { border:0!important; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b:active , .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u957b1961d62a7bd617603c8d1b445e6b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Guess Brand Positioning EssayMartin luther king, jr. And ralph bunche, then u.n. Under secretary forspecial political affairs. in the march, whites, negroes, clergymen andbeatniks, old and young, walked side by side. president johnson made surethey had plenty of protection this time with 1000 military police, 1900federalized alabama national guardsmen, and platoons of u. s. Marshals andfbi men. When the marchers reached the capital of alabama, they were to havepresented a petition to then governor george wallace protesting votingdiscrimination. however, when they arrived, the governors aides came outand said, the capital is .

live and let live Essays - United States Presidential Inaugurations

LIVE AND LET LIVE we all have been told that changes must start in our very selves. That we should fix ourselves first before we criticize others or before we even try to give pieces of advice which we believe are effective based on our own experience and knowledge. And knowing what has to be changed comes after knowing oneself. But how many among us are courageous enough to look deep within to see who we really are and what we are made of? For so many instances in our lives, we say that we know ourselves well. We have full knowledge of our composition and are, therefore, not strangers to our own humanity. We often say that we have so many firm beliefs, morals and principles that we cannot be influenced or be misled easily. We say that our actions are guided and that our decisions are well-deliberated on. We know ourselves in all the facets of our personality and we love ourselves for what we have become. But how well do know ourselves? It is said that there is so much about human beings that we cannot and will never be able to understand completely. Among these are abstractions like feelings, awareness, conscience, principles and religions. So where do we start understanding ourselves when there is no track to follow? Why is man thought of as a vague entity which cannot be fully explained by science, religion or any other discipline? Yes, we are that complex. We certainly are more than just flesh and blood. I guess the very key to knowing ourselves is to first look at the surface and see what we have become. Who we are is reflected by what we do consciously or otherwise. We sometimes get annoyed when people criticize us because of our actions and attitude. We get hurt because we cannot accept those criticisms which make us feel strangers to ourselves. We react violently because we believe that we are not like what they say; that we are only misunderstood or, even worse, we are just victims of other peoples ill-thinking. But have we ever given time to think over the censuring of others and see what could have been our fault? Are the accusations really true and not mere fabrications? Is there something wrong with us? And when we find out the truth, do we accept it and take responsibility for our shortcomings? Or do we stick to what we perceive is right and act like we do not bother at all? True enough, what is there to mend when nothing is torn? But the eyes cannot see all that is there. And it is just so hard to look deep within with eyes wide open and finally accept the truth. Ridiculous We start destroying ourselves when we start violating rules. A personal journey towards a meaningful life is always accompanied with knowing ones limitations. We might be intelligent creations but how come we sometimes behave like savages? We deem rules as chains wrapped around our necks which hamper our breathing. But the question is if there is really a need for rules when in fact we are supposed to be rational beings? Free will is something that is most often abused. We clamor for our rights unmindful that we are depriving others. We become so ill-principled and selfish that we care less about others as long as we get what we want which is sometimes more than what we deserve. We fail to see how much of this freedom-exertion produces imbalance and injustice to others. People would argue that they can do anything they want as long as they do not violate the law and that others cannot interfere with their activities because they are not entitled to. We often say that democracy is atop every ruling principle and must, therefore, be protected from suppression. Admittedly, we sometimes disregard others and tend to take the world for ourselves alone. And so, what purpose do these rules serve? I believe that they were made to remind us that we are not alone in this world. That respect begets respect. That a simple act of disobedience leads to greater injustices done to others. That living is not a self serving act. Imposing discipline does not mean suppression. Freedom is not